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The objective of this paper is to prove that the Clausius inequality must be re-stated to have general applicability for heat transfer involving radiative fluxes. The integrand (đQ/T) of the Clausius expression applies to heat conduction and convection, but does not hold for most radiative transfer scenarios, with the exception of reversible infinitesimal net blackbody radiation transfer. In other cases involving radiative transfer, the equality holds for a cycle even though irreversible heat addition by radiative transfer occurs. This is without the erroneous presumption of entropy destruction anywhere in the cycle. Thus, the Clausius inequality indicates reversibility for a cycle that includes an irreversible process. Further, in some radiative cases the quantity đQ/T, where T is the boundary temperature, is not the entropy transfer at the system boundary, and in fact, primarily represents entropy production within the system. It is also clear that in another case considered, the quantity đQ/T had no physical meaning whatsoever. Consequently, the Clausius expression has been re-stated so that it is applicable to cycles with processes involving any form of heat transfer. A new integrand (đQcc/T + đSNet,Rad) is presented, allowing the Clausius inequality to generally apply to all heat transfer scenarios. The work in this paper emphasizes the need to re-state other fundamental equations allowing applicability to all heat transfer processes, and draws attention to the unique character of radiative entropy calculations. 相似文献
33.
碾压混凝土穿透型诱导缝不同扩展阶段的强度指标试验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在不同削弱度碾压混凝土轴拉试件的穿透型诱导缝周围粘贴了应变片,得到在不同应力状态下诱导缝应变发展规律为:在加载初期,离缝端不同距离的应变发展较为均匀,数值上相差不突出;随着荷载的增加,应变开始出现不均匀发展,离缝端越远,应变变化越缓慢;当接近最大荷载的阶段,缝端应变急速发展,试件瞬间断裂。应变从均匀发展变为不均匀发展,实质上隐含了诱导缝起裂、稳定发展、失稳断裂的整个过程,针对这一试验现象,结合断裂力学理论,建立了诱导缝不同开裂阶段的远场温度应力强度指标模型。 相似文献
34.
The influence of raw material characteristics on the industrial pelletizing process and pellet quality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mehrdad Arshadi Rolf Gref Paul Geladi Sten-Axel Dahlqvist Torbjörn Lestander 《Fuel Processing Technology》2008
Industrial pelletizing of sawdust was carried out as a designed experiment in the factors: sawdust moisture content, fractions of fresh pine, stored pine and spruce. The process parameters and response variables were energy consumption, pellet flow rate, pellet bulk density, durability and moisture content. The final data consisted of twelve industrial scale runs. Because of the many response variables, data evaluation was by principal component analysis of a 12 × 9 data matrix. The two principal component model showed a clustering of samples, with a good reproducibility of the center points. It also showed a positive correlation of energy consumption, bulk density and durability all negatively correlated to flow rate and moisture content. The stored pine was more related to high durability and bulk density. The role of the spruce fraction was unclear. The design matrix, augmented with the process parameters was a 12 × 6 matrix. Partial least squares regression showed excellent results for pellet moisture content and bulk density. The model for durability was promising. A 12 × 21 data matrix of fatty- and resin acid concentrations measured by GC–MS showed the differences between fresh and stored pine very clearly. The influence of the spruce fraction was less clear. However, the influence of the fatty- and resin acids on the pelletizing process could not be confirmed, indicating that other differences between fresh and stored pine sawdust have to be investigated. This work shows that it is possible to design the pelletizing process for moderate energy consumption and high pellet quality. 相似文献
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随着系统芯片(SoC)集成更多的功能并采用更先进的工艺,它所面临的高性能与低功耗的矛盾越来越突出.动态电压调整(DVS)技术可以在不影响处理器性能的前提下,通过性能预测软件根据处理器的繁忙程度调整处理器的工作电压和工作频率,达到降低芯片功耗的目的.文中讨论了DVS技术降低功耗的可能性,介绍了如何利用两种不同的DVS技术让处理器根据当前的工作负荷运行在不同的性能水平上,以节省不必要的功耗. 相似文献
38.
In this paper we present some preliminary results about the coupling of shallow water equations for free surface flows and Darcy equation for groundwater flows. A suitable set of interface conditions is discussed: the Beavers and Joseph formula for the bottom stress is used. An iterative algorithm to solve the coupled problem is proposed and some numerical results are presented. 相似文献
39.
本文介绍了“四低一高”(低电解温度、低分子比、低氧化铝浓度、低阳极效应系数、高工作电压)工艺技术条件在85kA预焙槽上的应用与优化,实验证明“四低一高”工艺需要针对具体槽型进行优化设计,适宜的技术条件对提高电流效率、降低直流电耗,节能效果显著。 相似文献
40.
快速二阶BP网络及其在城市用水量预测中的应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
针对BP网络收敛速度慢,易导致局部极小值的缺点,提出一种快速二阶BP网络,并以城市年用水量预测为例,与BP网络对比,结果表明,该方法加快了收敛速度,提出了结果的准确度。 相似文献